The cosmic structure of the universe: Filaments, Walls, Clusters, and Voids

Let’s dive into the world of huge distances, and how galaxies are placed within the observable part of the universe.

A thought for you: does the Big Bang and Big Crunch really exist? Is our universe really expanding into infinity for ever - or collapsing in a Big Crunch?

My gut feeling tells me, what we see out there in the universe targets at the same as what we see in the small. A stable structure reached over trillions of millennia. The reached state of optimization, such that it will stay and persist.

Takeaway

The living filaments in the universe tell us, that what we see is a stable long-term structure which optimized itself and gave itself structure. Structure in a way, that it is VERY VERY VERY long time stable. It is made to persist.

If this would not be the case, we would probably not exist right now here on earth. So it is merely a statistical conclusion of probability. It is much more likely that we are now in the “stable” phase of the existence of the universe. A stable everlasting state, reached a very long time ago.

Distribution of galaxies within the universe

1. Predictions: Rotonal Galaxy Structures

As galaxies are rotonal objects, they will again form some kind of bigger structure together. Movement is influenced by attractions between the galaxies caused by their rotonal attraction. All this in addition to the lower level attractions like gravity. So having a rather static view of the galaxy distribution, they might build bonds and links on cosmic level. In general there will be a preference of similar axes alignments in space. They will reach optimal attraction and interlinking if they align coaxial along some common direction like jewel beads strung along some threads. Or distributed equally in a plane with parallel axes. Maybe they might also build rotation pairs in smaller galaxy clusters. In the later case the overall spin of galaxy clusters might result in bonding between smaller galaxy clusters. As rotonal time passes very slowly on big scales it might be difficult to get the big picture.

2. Observations: How Galaxies Are Clustered

Astronomical surveys (e.g. SDSS, 2dF, DESI) reveal that galaxies are not randomly distributed.
They form a cosmic web consisting of:

• Filaments: elongated threads of galaxies, dark matter, and gas.
• Walls (Sheets): broad planar structures where filaments intersect.
• Clusters (Galaxy Clusters): dense nodes at the intersection of multiple filaments.
• Voids: large under-dense regions between filaments and walls.

This foam-like distribution is the large-scale structure of the Universe.

Source: https://www.newscientist.com

Source: https://www.researchgate.net

Stability

3. Galactic Filaments as Bi-Temporal Resonance Links

Within a bi-temporal resonance framework, galactic filaments can be understood not merely as gravitational inflow structures, but as extended resonance links connecting massive temporal nodes. Their persistence and coherence over cosmological distances suggest that they are not dynamically maintained alone, but selectively permitted by global resonance agreement.

In this view, filaments represent standing, large-scale matter–energy configurations that satisfy both forward- and backward-temporal boundary conditions. Rather than transporting information or enforcing causal influence, they mark regions where matter distributions remain compatible with the global resonance constraints imposed by their connected nodes. Configurations that would require incompatible future evolution fail to establish or sustain filamentary coherence and therefore never persist.

The remarkable stability of galactic filaments against local perturbations follows naturally from this interpretation. Small-scale disturbances do not propagate along filaments as causal signals but are locally absorbed or decohere, while the filament as a whole remains intact as long as its global bi-temporal compatibility is preserved.

Thus, galactic filaments may be interpreted as macroscopic manifestations of bi-temporal resonance, linking temporal nodes across vast distances and allowing only those large-scale structures that remain consistent across cosmic time to exist.

The RQM bi-temporal view on realized resonances fully matches to this view. The next chapters will show how.

Movement of the galaxies within the foam

4. Predictions: Rotonal Galaxy Flow

Based on the observed galaxy clustering, the movement of the galaxies within the big structures could follow simple rotonal rules.

Movement based on the different structures:

• Small clusters: Galaxies rotate around a common cluster center. Caused by: gravity, rotonal attractions via galaxy entanglement and rotonal attraction around the cluster center.
• Filaments: Galaxies might form a chain of inter-galaxy resonances, like links on a chain. The Roton-Model describes Distance Lock-In and attractive entanglements. Galaxies and clusters will align on resonant places and distances in space. These run along the thread direction. The galaxies flow in an orchestrated way along the direction of the filaments.
• Walls: Difficult. Maybe the galaxies form a mesh which remains more or less stable. Middle parts remaining stationary and flowing towards the clusters. Except if they rotate within the plane. Then some galaxies might remain in the plains based on their big scale rotation within the planes (in contrast to a gravitational explanation where galaxies would flow faster towards the clusters).
• Clusters: Attractions might get more diverse in different directions leading to a slow down of the galaxies towards the cluster center (in contrast to explanations based on gravity or dark matter).

5. Observations: Movements Within the Cosmic Web

Galaxies exhibit both the general Hubble expansion and peculiar velocities (motions relative to the expansion).
Patterns observed in simulations and surveys:

• Voids: Galaxies flow outward, making voids emptier.
• Walls: Galaxies move within the plane, toward filaments.
• Filaments: Galaxies stream along filaments, feeding clusters.
• Clusters: Act as sinks; galaxies move inward and remain gravitationally bound at atom-level. At such large scales, the rotational attraction between galaxies will dominate though, leaving atomic-level gravitational effects negligible.

These flows are one of the most fascinating and important features shaping the cosmic web. This will at least help, to keep the galaxy structures together so they don’t spread and freeze into infinity. And clearly not due to the atom-level gravitational attractions.

Galaxy axis orientation

6. Predictions: Galaxy Axis orientation within filaments and walls

The Le-Doigt Roton Model clearly focuses on galaxy spins. So it expects a certain structured alignment of the galaxies rotation axes within the cosmic web.

Rotonal predictions:

• Filaments: Galaxy axes tend to be oriented co-axially (parallel) along the filament thread. This favors distance Lock-In. Some galaxies may form rotational mini-clusters with perpendicular alignment, acting as connectors to other clusters on larger scales.
• Walls (Sheets): Galaxy axes may lie perpendicular to the walls plane in a static center. This would lead to additional attractions (if favorable). If galaxies are rotating within the wall around a wall center though, they might well align their axis in the plane. This also holds if they start to get attracted by galaxies forming threads or align towards the super-clusters, then the galaxies might again align within the plane towards the threads and clusters.
• Clusters: Galaxy axes are initially aligned along the axis of in-fall or outflow (from filaments).
  In the dense central regions: orientations become mixed, but perhaps realign locally and statistically into some locally preferred directions.

This would imply a hierarchical alignment pattern, propagating from threads → walls → clusters. In line with the official simulations. Maybe some clusters are only there to hold entangled center galaxies in place to build up connections (as the proton structure does).

7. Actual Observations of Galaxy Spin Alignments

State-of-the-art simulations (Illustris, TNG, Horizon-AGN) and observational surveys (SDSS, GAMA, COSMOS) provide evidence for spin–structure correlations:

• Filaments:
  • Low-mass galaxies → spins parallel to filament axis.
  • High-mass galaxies → spins perpendicular (a “spin-flip transition”).
• Walls: Spins tend to lie within the sheet plane, consistent with accretion from voids.
• Clusters:
  • Spin alignment signal is weaker due to mergers and randomization.
  • Cluster shapes elongate along feeding filaments.

Thus, there is partial agreement with the hypothesis, but also complexities due to mass and merger history.

8. Bones and Filaments - a comparison

What is the universe “aiming” at with this structure?
Or rather: why has the cosmic web iterated into — or perhaps always possessed — this delicate form?

Comparing the objectives of human bone structure with the objectives of the universes filament structure reveals puzzling yet profoundly fascinating parallels.

Please find these reflections explored in the following article: Bones and Filaments

Size of the universe

Consider the red-shift not as a result of the expansion of the universe. Rather imagine the growing of the photon as a “spreading” of the photon “beam” into the end of the universe. So the universe ends, where the photon reaches the size of the universe. Shall we calculate this? Article on Red Shift

Now this is striking: Every photon at any frequency exposed to red-shift reaches the size of the universe at around 9-10 times the currently observed universe.

Edges of the Universe

Even though the universe has no edge (it is self-contained) there are nevertheless characteristics which make the universe finite. You can find some more interesting discussions on this in the following Paper (OUT OF DATE) Paper on Universal laws

Conclusions

The rotonal model seems to be in line with the current cosmological observations, theories and simulations. The standard explanations regarding galaxy axis orientation do not seem very intuitive and satisfactory though. Here the Roton Model seems to give more intuitive views and insights. In addition or in contradiction the Roton Model might also provide indications and expectations that the universe is a more static structure than standard physics thinks. For instance: if the filaments are all moving towards the clusters, what will be the end state if this transition? All galaxies sticking together at some static Points in the universe? And the points remaining where they are as galaxy super-Roton structures, until they restart to attract each other? So we might propose a more static view of the cosmos.

Rotonal prediction towards a more static structure:

• On all levels from atom to galaxies, we statistically see long-term static structures with some local and temporal fluctuations.
• The rotonal model would favor stationary structures with typical matching rotation “sizes”.
• Galaxies building attractive rotational structures within the walls (sub-parts of the voids between clusters) might slow down or even stop the flowing of the galaxies towards clusters
• Within a cluster, there is no specific or big “gravitational” force nor uneven “rotonal” force which inevitably draws the galaxies closer to the center. So they might remain more static than with explanations of the gravitational model.
• The energy dencity pressure (see note on forces) might statistically lead to a more even distribution of the galaxies and the clusters. So there might even by an inward and outward bouncing and pulsing of the galaxies through the threads and clusters. Like blood in the veins of the human body. Or rather like an osciallation within a more static structure. (Hypothesis only)
• The galaxy does not primarily expand caused by some “Big Bang”, it expands because of the “Energy dencity pressure” in the space-time medium (see note on forces). This eventually runs out though with distance.

And now a final firework for those that have read all down here:

• The image from resarchgate above is actually not the galaxy distribution, it effectively is titled as “Dark Matter” distribution.
• This again is a huge evidence, that there is no “Dark Matter” but instead there is “rotational energy” which leads to the missing attration - in this case the rotation energy of galaxies.

Find all about the rotonal view of dark matter here: Dark Matter

References

• Tempel et al. (2013), Galaxy spin alignment in filaments.
• Dubois et al. (2014), Spin alignment in Horizon-AGN simulation.
• Codis et al. (2015), Cosmic web and spin flip.
• Tempel & Libeskind (2013), Cosmic flows and filamentary structures.
• Kraljic et al. (2021), Spin alignments across cosmic time.