Time: Did you ever wonder what time really is?
Explaining it in terms of Einsteins wording we’ll probably phrase it like this: Einsteins Relativity-Theorie got the relative part wrong. Not space is relative, time is. In principle the Roton-Model says: Space is uniform and not curved but time is a localized observable phenomenon. This means, that time is a locally relative observation. So there is no uniform time over the whole universe.
Why is this the case? Think about how we can measure time? The life and aging of a human depends on how fast chemical processes and molecules react and decay. We can measure how long the earth takes for a single rotation - which depends on the energy of all atoms (simplified to in our solar system). Now humans can measure time down to the precision of atom rotation and decay rates of atoms.
So time basically depends on the speed of the rotation (spin) of atoms. And the spin of atoms depend on the energy/spin/rotation of their sub-particles. In the end time depends on the speed of rotation of a photon. So the spin of a photon defines our time.
Time is measured most precisely by: Cesium-133 atom hyperfine transition. So 1 second is as of today defined as: 9,192,631,770 oscillations of a cesium-133 atom’s microwave transition.
What is a microwave transition? Electrons spins can align in two distinct ways relative to the nucleus. These are called hyperfine levels. When microwave radiation at a very precise frequency passes through, those electrons can flip from one hyperfine level to the other. This transition emits or absorbs a photon with a very precise frequency which period/wavelength can be measured.
If this frequency is met exactly, then the Electron will “flip” it’s spin and the max. frequency of which this flipping is done is used as a “tick” of the clock. This flipping changes the spin orientation of the electron relative to the nucleus spin. By which a change in energy-level of the whole atom takes place. [BTW: This is also confirmed by the Roton-Model where parallel spin orientation gives more attraction than antiparallel orientation].
So time depends on:
Interpretation: Depending on how fast the cesium-clock is traveling. This “effective/relative” frequency of the photon rotation might be higher or lower.
Prediction: If the atoms in a moving clock are not changed, then the change happens in the emitted photons until they are created -> absorbed, emitted -> observed. This means, that in such experiments, the outcome depends on the distance of the atom to the microwave source.
Time emerges from the inertia of rotational state change.
In the Roton framework, every Roton carries a rotation state — defined by its axis, angular frequency, and phase. This state is stable unless a field applies a torque that forces the axis to reorient.
Inertia is the resistance a Roton offers against the angular amount of change of its rotation axis. It determines how quickly the rotation state can adjust to external influences.
For a perfectly isolated Roton, this inertia can be derived directly from its self-energy: it sets the natural “rigidity” of its rotation state.
In dynamic, interacting systems, the effective inertia becomes contextual — depending on the strength, direction, and geometry of applied forces.
From this perspective:
Time is the measure of how much rotational state change is required
to get from the present configuration to the next possible one.
Time is not an external parameter; it is the offset between the current rotational configuration and the configuration the system is driven toward by its environment.
When the required change is small, the system evolves quickly.
When inertia is high or torque is weak, evolution slows.
Thus:
In this picture:
Time is the geometry of Roton-axis reorientation.
It is the gap between “where we are”
and “where the system wants to go.”
In one sentence:
Time is the resistance of the universe to instant reorientation.
How can we measure time? Time is measured relative to the rotational speed of atoms and photons.
Now is it a necessity, that time is uniform? No we can only perceive “how long” something takes relative to an atom rotation. But how long this actually is … we can not tell. We can only tell how long it is compared to the rotation of other atoms.
Taking Einsteins example of a photon passing by a heavy mass. In Einsteins words, the heavy mass curves space, so that the photon takes longer to pass along its trajectory “around” the mass. This explains, why time passes slower for a photon passing near a heavy mass.
In words of the Roton-Model: The rotation-period of a photon is influenced by its surroundings. We look at the photon as a general rotating object called “Roton”. If there is similar rotating energy near a Roton, the Roton perceives an attractive force. This explains why the photon continues on a curved trajectory. More precisely this happens, when there is more mass (energy) on one side of the trajectory.
Why can a Photon travel at the speed of light? A photon is a single rotating Sonon with only 1 rotation axis. It can travel in a straight line without the need to change it’s axis. And even if, it might do it instantly, when reacting with matter. For this it gets slowed down though. When traveling in free space though, it tries to keep it’s highest possible velocity and will not change it’s axis. It would need other photons with exactly aligned axes to perceive a very little attraction. So therefore a Photon does only want to change its trajectory if it does not have to change its axis orientation. This is actually possible and happens when the Roton axis is exactly perpendicular to the plane of the travel-direction and the source of the attraction.
Prediction: Photons that actually get curved by a heavy mass (actually by the big contained amount potentially aligned photons) are those which have their axes aligned tangentially to the potential attractive other photons. This can be measured via polarization filters. Issue: As a photon needs to pass very closely there might already be a wide angle under which it sees other photons. So measuring the polarization will most likely show a wide spectrum of polarization directions. And farther away we might see more specifically aligned photons, in the few that actually got deviated. Prediction: Photons should only be curved along their polarization plane. There will most likely be no circularly aligned photons which arrive from stars behind big masses (gravitational lens - which we know now is actually the wrong wording). Check: TBD … Some lensing‐related studies suggest that polarization (linear and perhaps circular) may be affected by gravitational lensing
ATTENTION: When we speak of photon polarization, the polarization direction indicates the projection of the oscillation plane while the Rotonal axis is perpendicular to the polarization filter direction.
The photon will orient its spin-axis vertically to the trajectory-curve. (Reason: This optimizes the energy density). This means that all photon spin in the same direction relative to the photons trajectory.
Prediction: If a photon is attracted by a big mass, then it will relocate its spin-axis.
We now look at the rotation speed of a “Roton” on a curved trajectory. If a trajectory is curved and the rotation-speed of the object remains identical. Then the photon will have rotated slightly less. But this will only lead to an offset of a view degrees - probably not measurable.
The main point is another. A photon (Sonon) is modeled as a positive and a negative wave-peak which rotate around each other. The wave on the inner (or outer) side of the curved trajectory (depending on the spin-axis orientation) can not be faster than the medium-speed c_m. Therefore the counter-wave peak must be slower than c_m to go with the curvature. This causes a time dilation.
Or in other words … if the photon does not go the straight path (which id doesn’t) it takes longer than a photon that would (which it can’t).
In practice atoms are used to be accelerated to measure the time dilatation. If they are accelerated near the speed of light (c) or more precisely near the maximum medium speed (c_m), then a Roton wave-peak (e.g. rotating Electron) can not be faster than c_m. This implies, that when the atom is brought back and is compared to a relatively “stationary” atom, it will have rotated less. The rotation has slowed down relatively to retain the max. medium speed for the inner and outer perimeter of the Roton rotation.
Prediction: If the spin of an Atom to be measured is kept in its spacial orientation, then two atoms might age differently relative to the acceleration speed. This would need equipment to hold the atom spin. If an atom is accelerated in its spin direction it will “age” faster than an atom which is accelerated orthogonaly to its spin vector.
Why does this matter? HAHA, when clocks travel against the rotational speed of the earth the dilation is into the other direction - so they go faster. How nice.
Can we measure how fast an electron is rotating around the proton in a H-Atom? No we can’t because measuring would alter the atom state. Initial research (internet) did not reveal exact experiments. A common understanding seems, that when matter is moving all processes slow down, also the processes within the atoms - even though they can not be observed or measured.
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