Photons in Gravitational Fields

Observation: The path of a photon/light traveling alongside a big mass experience some curvature. This can be observed in different ways. Before we show the straight forward interpretation of this physical effect based on the Roton model, we allow to bring up the standard physics view first.

1. Fundamentals (Conventional Physics)

Mass curves space and time.
A photon does not travel in a straight Euclidean line but along a null geodesic in curved spacetime.

$$ \delta\phi ;=; \frac{4GM}{c^2 b} $$

Name: Gravitational lensing
Meaning: Deflection of light in the gravitational field of a mass $M$ with impact parameter $b$.

2. Other Known Influences of Massive Bodies on Photons

3. Key Relations

$$ E_\gamma = h\nu, \qquad \nu_\text{obs} = \frac{\nu_\text{emit}}{1 + z_g}, \qquad z_g = \frac{\Delta \Phi}{c^2} $$

$$ \text{Deflection: }; \delta\phi = \frac{4GM}{c^2 b}, \qquad \text{Shapiro delay: }; \Delta t = \frac{2GM}{c^3}\ln!\frac{4r_1r_2}{b^2} $$

4. Classical Interpretation

• Light behaves as if passing through a medium with variable refractive index,
  since the local speed of light
  $c’ = c\sqrt{1 - \tfrac{2GM}{c^2r}}$ decreases near a mass.
• Space and time are anisotropically stretched; this geometric curvature reproduces the same deflection one would classically attribute to a “force on the photon.”
• Polarization changes arise where the spacetime fabric twists differently along distinct photon paths.

5. Analogy within the Roton Model

Summary: A photon is a Roton which receives small rotonal attraction from Photons within the big mass that by pure chance happen to have the exact co-axial roton-axis, for a very short time.

In the Roton interpretation, the bending of light is not caused by an external “force” on mass-less(??) photons, but by resonances within the background field of rotational resonance — the LEDO field — that governs all energy exchange.

Local Roton Dynamics (Effect 1)

Each photon is described as a self-sustained rotational packet, it has a transitional velocity vector and (mostly) independent to it a rotation-axis vector. To refresh the concept, a photon is a Sonon within the LEDO-field a self-sustained rotation of a wave peak and a wave crest.

A photon compared to an electron has only one single direction in which it emits and receives resonance waves. A photon has a rather small momentum/energy and the distances of galactic magnitude. Nevertheless a photon A in transit of a big mass will eventually point its rotational axis in direction of some other photon B that happens to point into the exact direction to the photon A. Does it matter what type (frequency) of photon radiation is emitted by the big star? No. Does it matter whether light within the sun does at all come out of the compound body? No. Why is this? We are not looking for photons to eventually hit each other in outer space. We are looking for resonances they exchange. All confined photons in the whole sun can contribute to a potential resonant attraction. Waves in the LEDO-Field can not be cancelled in a general way, they travel potentially infinite and are not “held-up” by any matter. Only local regions of the LEDO field can be influences at a specific place.

This rotonal attraction produces a slow precession within every passing Roton.

Predictions:

• The force depends on the radial part (horizon) in which direction a big mass is present. The closer a photon comes, the more objects within the mass will resonate with it’s randomly placed rotational-axis. Experiment:
• Calculate the horizon coverage and “estimated” Photon density integral along all diametrical lines starting from the photon. See whether this is the measure for the angular deviation amount.

Mass concentrations amplify the local energy-density rotation: $$ \nabla_\text{rot} \rho_E ;\propto; \frac{GM}{r^2}. $$ This produces a slow precession of every passing Roton, analogous to the geodesic curvature in general relativity,
yet expressed through field-intrinsic coupling rather than geometric metric deformation.

Why is this attraction and spin-tilting sow small?

• A single photons energy is rather low and interaction distances are huge.
• The photon is traveling fast and has not much time for interaction.
• The time period while two photons interlock and can remain entangled exist but is nearly infinitesimally small.

Curvature as Resonance Gradient (Effect 2)

The LEDO field surrounding a massive body remains isotropic. There is no need to bend space yet, even universal time does not need to be bent. The only influence is a local effect on the “perceived” time of physical and chemical processes depending on the rotation speed of a photon. The energy density pressure

_{Note 1 Why does standard physics insist that a photon has no mass? Only to fulfill e=mc^2? Well a photon actually has no mass, depending on how mass is defined. If mass is reduced to what the gravitational force transmits, then yes a photon has no “mass” as its rotonal range of influence is on another magnitude. If “mass” is seen as pure energy, then though of course, a photon carries energy - but not on based on gravitation}

TBD: Description/summary of Red-Shift effect : Add link to other chapter on this topic. What makes time seem to pass slower

Energy density pressure (Effect 3)

There is a repulsive effect created by the energy density which would actually blow the photon outward. This effect can also be seen as the solar wind. This effect would actually press the photon slightly outwards (nearly negligible ), but has no influence on spin/rotation-axis or inherent velocity/trajectory.

TBD: …

Polarization and Spin Interaction

Photons for which their rotation axes are oriented towards the heavy sun, will have their axes tilted towards the direction of the mass. Solely because the photo axis stays aligned for a short time with other short-time entangled photons int the sun.

According to this theory, every photon with an axis orientation towards the mass, will:

1. get attracted by the short rotonal effect.
2. receive short-time entanglements that will slowly re-orient or tilt the photons spin/rotonal-axis towards the mass.
3. it is a random coincident, when two photons happen to share a short-time interaction-axes

Energy and Redshift

A photon climbing out of a dense LEDO region encounters decreasing rotational coupling,
reducing its intrinsic resonance frequency: $$ \nu_\text{obs} ;=; \nu_\text{emit}\left(1 - \frac{\Delta \rho_E}{\rho_{E,0}}\right), $$ mirroring the gravitational redshift but expressed through the change in local energy-density potential.

Other follow ups

Wave speed int the LEDO field

Did we ever talk about how fast “waves” travel in the LEDO field? No? Ok that was on purpose, because there is no answer to that. At least i did not find any viable calculation that could give a glimpse on that speed.

What is true of course is, that the Twin and Twon in a photon will potentially travel faster and slower than light ($c$).

If the reasoning in this chapter will hold through this would imply the following:

Conceptual Summary

In the Roton view:

Thus, where general relativity speaks of curved geometry, the Roton model describes a pure attractive and tilting force cause by resonances — a continuous re-orientation of internal spin coherence within an energy-dense medium.
Both pictures yield the same observables, but differ in ontological cause: space-time geometry versus resonance.

References

• A. Einstein, Annalen der Physik 49 (1916)
• I. Shapiro, Phys. Rev. Lett. 13 (1964)
• B. Mashhoon, Phys. Rev. D 11 (1975) — Gravitational Faraday Rotation
• Planck Collaboration, CMB Lensing (2020)

Status: November 2025 — concise overview of gravitational effects on photons. Further elaboration in the Roton-model framework to follow.