Building Molecules

Basics

Continuing the thoughts on the oscillations of exogenous driven Roton-Loops (2p orbital electrons) we see, that strong atomic bonds can be realized, by a shared rotation of two p-shell electrons. The p-shell electrons build a separate Roton-Structure which rotates at the combined resonance radii of two differt main shells.

This can be intuitively used as an model explanation for single atom-atom bonds. If we look at double p-shell bonds (as in $=O_2$), we see that we need to think a little further. Because the 2 combined valence-Rotons (each built by two electrons) now kind of take the shape of an ellipse. This is required to keep the resonance in multiple directions. In practice the shape of this double-bond roton will be more like a double-circle-knot, constantly changing from one to the other direction in a bent 8-figure. Still this can be de-coupled into a Rotonal coupling with a precesion.

Here is a short visualization:

Roton plain view of some most common atoms

Predictions

Having come so far we will do a view predictions (without knowing the standard model or experimental results). So some predictions will fail, or the atoms can find more optimal solutions.

s - s bonding

Note: There are not that much atoms available, which have single electrons in their s-shells. An s-s bonding seams to be a stable connection though, but will not be the most common bonding type.

p - p bonding

Predictions: This seems to be a very stable bonding in linear direction. It seams, that two atoms with 2 or even 3 free p-shell places can build 2 or 3 bindings. The angle of these bindings will not be linear anymore though, so they will not show an optimal attraction compared to a single linear p-p bond.

We expect a linear p-p bonding to be the strongest bonding type, as electrons might keep most of their original paths and create the strongest resonances between the electrons of the different atoms.

s - p bonding

Prediction: An atom with a valence-electron in the s-shell, can not strongly bond with a valence-electron of another electron in the p-shell. Why: The e.g. 2p-shells electrons have a double-resonance with the radius of shell 1 and 2. The valence-electron of a 1s shell is circular and can not easily take up the resonance path of a 2p electron (8 lope-shape) and vice versa. Issue: Is there a Li(3)-F(9) molecule? Li gives one 2s electron and F misses a 2p electron. What is happening now?

Possibility 1: The free 2p electron becomes an excitated 3s electon and binds as s-couple. This is very reasonable. The s-type bond might exist, but maybe not as optimal solution. Possibility 2: The free 1s electron joins the 2p electron on it’s path. This can only happen though, when the 1s electron is induced by the 2p electrons of the F-Atom. We’ll later call this concept a resonance insuction.

In the end and from Rotonal point of view though, this might not make such a big difference. Both free electrons will build a resonant Roton with a combined radius of Li-s2 and F-s2. The question remains in which direction relative to the p2-lope? Well, most likely the p2-lope will align perpendicular to the line connecting the two nuclei. In this way, it best resembles the original rotation around the Li-Atom with an s2 radius and wind around the s1 of the F-Atom together with the F-p2 electron.

Answer standard physics: …

Isolated Electrons

F takes up electrons easily, as the electron path in the 2p^6 orbital is already ready. This would mean though, that a F Atom would take up a free electron too and end up in a stable F- Atom. Check: Yes this is the case.

This means, that we have completely different types of bindings (which we already know). We have different options how resonant systems can attract each other, and in which situations they are most effective.

Binding types:

We show a list of established binding types based on the Roton model. Afterwards I added the names how they are called in terms of standard physics/chemistry.

1. Planar Roton Re-Combination [Standard Physics: metallic/weak covalent s-s bond]

• Combination of two s-orbitals
• Two electrons of an s-Orbital together create a new Roton which resonates with the s-1 orbital. They create a Tri-Roton.

  Prediction: Spin A-> <-R ->B, does this make sense?

• Considerations: The newly created Roton does not necessarily have any entanglement attraction between the two electrons. So the attraction is not necessarily given by a Rotonal-Entanglement (the electrons remain entangled to their protons). Instead the lock-in of the resonance seems to hold this structure together.
• Examples: Combinations of Li(3), Na(11), K, Rb, Cs, Frd (these are all atoms with 1 single electron in an s-Orbital)

  Prediction: Is there a LiNa Molecule? Yes, but if there are more atoms, these formations are better (size/angle): Li2, Na2 Check: Yes LiNa exists but only isolated and not in bulk matter. Exactly :-D Standard Physics: s-s bond,, metallic/weak covalent (homonuclear), non-polar, delocalised

2. Resonance insuction [Standard Physics: Ionic bond]

• Combinations of s and p orbitals
• One Atom with a free s electron, one atom with free p electron places. Is this possible?
• Roton-Model explanation: Most likely the p-shell will “suck” in the free s-electron into its p-resonance. The remaining Proton still couples to “its” electron via entanglement and as such holds the two atoms together.
• Considerations: Lets have a look at Li2O and LiF. LiF seems more stable. Li2O is Ok, but the O is not really happy with the two Li which do not have any p-orbitals available. So again, it is very very likely, that this remains at $Li_2$ + $O_2$. Check: Li2O is stable in solid lattice state, but O2 gas is even more stable. So O2 is preferred when the O is not ionically fixed already. LiF is more stable than Li2O Standard Physics: Ionic bond (heteronuclear), electrostatic, strongly polar, localized charges]

Comment: This type of coupling will show some asymmetry regarding proton and electron distributions. The electrons form a Roton between the two atoms. It seems even fully entangled P.S. Yes the term insuction is correct and did not meadn induction. Induction comes from an external static field, whereas insuction means, that two entities form resonant fields such that they are drown into each-others interweaving, keep themselves like a knot. A knot which needs to be de-tangled first (or broken be force) before the connection looses.

3. Tri-Resonant coupling [Standard Physics: Covalent bond]

4. Atom-Spin s-Roton attraction The atoms s-shells have a planar rotating electron. If adjacent atoms have the same orientation, these s-Rotons will lead to some attraction. Atoms will try to form bonds along their outer-most s-Roton which is in one direction. Fluids: This s-Roton bonding might explain the “fluid” state of elements where these try to build chains if the temperature (speed and vibration of the atoms) is not too high. If the inter-atom vibrations slow down further, the elements will start to bond along their secondary spin-axis. Solids: The different s-shells might favor to orient themselves in the same spin-axis increasing attraction. But this is not a necessity, if the surroundings favor another direction giving it a energetically better constellation, then the inner s-Rotons will organize into another direction.

Especially bigger atoms where the p-shells can keep up the s-shell directional resonance, the s-shells might be more “willing” to change their orientations into other directions. With changed directions, there are more possibilities for creating inter-atom attractions. This opens the field of different lattices and solid structures. So the lighter atoms will be better off by keeping their sub-atomic s-shell-spins aligned (need a new term for this thing).

Prediction: Only atoms with at least two s-shells can build solid aggregate states. Only such atoms can build s-Roton Attractions in different directions. This means that H and He can not - pressure wont help either, the fluid state can be compacter (no lattice structure). And on the other hand all atoms with an s1 and s2 shell CAN be solid. Even the noble gases. Confirmation: Yes He has no solid state. Yes all atoms >Li(3) have solid states, even $Ne$. [BINGO]

The weak explanation of standard physics: “Helium cannot be solid at normal pressure because its atoms attract each other too weakly and their quantum zero-point motion is too strong to let them settle into a lattice.” (Comment: Does not sound too convinced, does it?) Comment on compression: If you apply pressure until all He atoms align into the most compact lattice form, does that mean the He is solid then? It does not apply the bond itself or keep it. It’s only imposed.

3s-orbital atoms Being able to attract neighboring atoms in 2D is a good thing and when orientating the atom s-Roton spins into different spatial directions even a random mesh might build good solids. But the best solids will be built from atoms which have at least 3 s-shells. They can bond in all 3 spatial directions.

Prediction: Elements starting from Na(11) have 3 main shells, well actually starting from Mg(12) with 3 full s-orbitals. They might build better 3D lattices and show a stronger metallic character. Considerations: But the p-shells could also create some long-distance coupling - they are possibly but not necessarily into the same directions as the s-spins.

Melting states

Metals (e.g. Hg Quecksilber)

What makes Hg special, why does it have this low melting temperature? This indicates, that the Inter-Atom s-Roton and p-Roton attractions are low. Hg is the element with the MOST inner filled up orbitals before the p6 orbital is filled up. So the p5 orbitals are shielded and no p6 orbitals can link to other atoms yet.

Prediction: The strongest Inter-Atom s-Roton and p-Roton bonds are found in smaller atoms and in atoms where the p-shells and new s-shell have just been filled up with not much more electrons. This seems to hold for the Metals of the groups 3-12 in the periodic system. There though the d-orbitals start to fill into other directions.

We do not have any valence bonding on this level, so there are no molecular bindings. Nevertheless the d-lopes seem to lead to attraction between the metal-atoms. rotonal explanation: the directional d-Roton field also leads to long-distance attractions. The 3p orbitals already give full directional character, so the 3d electrons have to align with them. Standard explanation: metallic bonding is non-directional, collective. Electrons can flow freely, are spread out (delocalized), lowering their kinetic energy.

Half filled lopes

What does the Roton Model miss: why are half-filled lopes more attractive then fully filled lopes: TBD. (Maybe these electrons can peak-out more directional leading to …)

Ah yes: Electron pairs in the p and d shells do rotate co-axially and cancel their fields to the outside direction.

[!IMPORTANT] Proposal Only single filled d/p-Lopes have a “clean” directional spin which can lead to MORE attraction and inter-atom attractions [BINGO] TODO: Need to evaluate if this holds.

[!IMPORTANT] This is also the missing reason why only half filled lopes build atomic bonds TODO: Need to visualize this graphically. At least we have some cross-atom oscillation of the p-Roton smaller s-rotation (TODO: Need some new vocabulary for this !!!).

Most common melecules

Hydrogen, there are different types of bonds with different stability:

• 1p^1+1p^1 (does not officially exist) I us this term to indicate, that this could exist while still allow electrons to couple to the nucleus.
• What about H(2p^1)-H(2p^1) bonding?

Oxygen:

• Oxygen has 2 p-orbitals that can link together. So $O_2$ is a good molecule. But as purely linear bonds are favored $O_4$ seems no so bad either. But the point is, if $O_2$ can find someone else to bond in a purely linear way, it will most likely do it and free energy.

Further considerations:

• Physics talks about minimizing energy state, but only because physics has defined one direction as positive and the other as negative.
• Binding potential is negative, and kinetic potential positive. It could be defined the oposite way and we would maximize for energy.
• Roton-Model looks at energy-density. So a system where a photon or an electron leaves might end up with a higher energy density (smaller volume).

1 Electron can couple with 2 protons and 1 electron (we know that from the … coupling)

Dictionary

Resonance Insuction (noun)

Definition:
A self-organizing inward pull arising from phase-coherent resonance between oscillatory systems.
Unlike induction, which denotes an externally imposed excitation, insuction describes an autogenic process in which coupled resonant units draw energy, phase, or matter toward a shared center of coherence.

Conceptual sense:

The inward counterpart of radiation or external induction — a resonant convergence where oscillatory fields “suck” one another into synchrony rather than being driven into it.

Etymology:
From in- (“into”) + suction (“drawing in”); coined in analogy to induction, conduction, radiation.

Example (Olavian model):

Two circular Rotons in matched attraction or oscillation do not experience insuction. Resonance Insuction emerges only when a Roton follows a curved or knotted trajectory that bends its local field topology and leads another roton into the same or similarly twisted path. This curvature induces the counter-Roton to adopt a correlated path, so that both entities trace the same or topologically similar loop in phase space. Once sucked in, the insuction is inherently mutual. The Rotons take their opposite positions in their new path, which needs to be point-symmetric. Forming a new twisted Roton a new composite resonance entity.