Isotopes

Isotopes are a number of atoms with the same Periodic number (Protons, Electrons) but with different numbers of Neutrons. This chapter shall challenge the “Olavion Atom Model” regarding predictions and explanations. You are deeply invited to dive with me into this very very thrilling moments where pieces fall together, as if there has never been any other meaning as this.

Main take-aways:

Neutrons come one to one with each Proton. Singular Neutrons are only placed at the “outer sphere” of the atom, and not in the middle. At the outer sphere they (can) help to hold other Alpha-Particles together, if they find a gap and do not unnecessarily blow up the core radius.

The core structure shows some significant influences on the choice of optimal electron orbitals. The standard model keeps explaining most effects by the structure of the orbitals alone. There is not always an indication why a certain energy distribution should be more optimal.

If we have less Neutrons than Protons (standard model) in an Atom, then there are no tangling single Protons in the cluster except one. And the Alpha-Cluster might take extra electrons into it’s lattice if the core-structure is very symmetric to hold such an atom (probably not too stable).

If the electron Rotonal distribution in the orbitals is axially symmetric (all electrons rotate within one axis), then the atom core can take a symmetric constellation with no Alpha-Particle and can have separate “singular” Protons.

H, D, He (Alpha)

Isotops according to the Olavian Atom Model

Nuclei are built of these items

• Alpha-Particle: 4 shells, Fully rotatable 2 Electron Icosahedron, optimal for e-p-p-e quad-entanglement (best energy density)

• NP-Pair (D-Core): 2 shells, Fully Rotateable 1 Electron Octahedron

• N-Half-Shell: 1 half shell, can be placed like an inverse cap into open spaces between NP or Alpha-Particles. Gives extra stability.

• Single P-Shells are not favorable the e+ is not held strong enough. Neighboring nuclei disturb the single P-Shell arrangement in a H-Atom.

• Maybe e+ (normally within Protons) can find (temporally) stable places in between other Alpha-Particles (see further down).

Please find a list of the first interesting isotopes:

Isotopes

Extra Neutrons

The extra N in atoms has a specific purpuse. The purpose is NOT to place the N’s somewhere within the whole nucleus structure. Instead the extra N’s are used as N-Caps to “fill” the gaps between the Alpha-Particles. Why is this favorable? Because the N-Cap Rotons (Quarks) can interact with the Alpha-Particle Rotons (Quarks) and reach further attractions. This holds the Atom stronger together. And finally THIS is the Intended and optimized number of Neutrons to give the best stability.

This concept can be verified via calculation of Number of extra N per Atom-Sphere Area. It looks as if this Ratio is constant between 0.077-0.796 from Atom 21 to 80. Slightly dropping for >80.

Predictions

Number of Alpha-Particles The following compounds should show a very compact Alpha-Particle.

Predictions: ** Atoms with free electrons (not paired) can us a single NP instead of an Alpha. They will have 1 N more than their Z-Number. ** Atoms with only paired electrons will only have Alpha-Particles in the core.

** Odd Z

Most odd Z will add 1 more N to fill up a NP-Pair. This will most likely be the only isotope.

** Carbon

Maybe on that can build +2N because of good halfe-shell placement so, C-13 (baybe X-14) should be good.

** Oxygon

** He-3

This isotop would be possible, small proton next to NP, no He-5, He-6 .. [YES]

** Be

Also very compact, it can build 4 x NP instead of Alpha, this would be rotatively possible in theory.

This is a very special case. The orbital has 4 electrons in a single plane. The core would like to build 2 Alphas. 4 Deuterons would also be Ok. But not regarding rotation and e-p-p-e Quad-Entganglement. This would reauire the core itself to rotate though which is not a stable idea. So the 4 Deuterons align as in two parallel planes and will eventually unite into 2 Alpha-particles. This atom does not seem to be very stable though because it has a quiet bulky core.

** Adding half-shells:

3 balls are good to add a half-shell. So Li-4 and C-13 are expected.

Decay sequences

We can not talk about Isotopes without narrowing down what “instability” means and what happens next.

So when we add a further Proton to an already symmetric NxAlpha what is needed:

• For a stable version we would need a D-Core (NP) to hold the extra proton. So we expect the need of one more Neutron.
• As the extra D-Core is quiet exposed one or two more N-Caps would be favorable to hold the D-Core to the NxAlpha cluster.

What happens during decay (in this case a Beta-Plus decay):

• The captured e+ positron/electron is released from the atom core. What remains?
• Single Proton: Changes into a Neutron and attaches as cap to the NxAlpha. (What energy remains or is needed in addition?)
• D-Core (NP): The two shells break up and attache as 2 N-caps to he NxAlpha cluster. Some binding energy between N and P remains.

Experiments: (standard physics)

• In case of a D-Core a Electron-Neutrino is release -> this seems to be a Ring-electron-pair (maybe quark-antiquark pair?) holding P and N together at the equator.
• In case of a single P-Core also an Electron-Netrino is freed - with a lower energy.

(-> So electron-neutrinos can have different energies and excitations)

Other Prediction: Humans can not revert such a decay process, meaning take a Electron-Neutrino and an positron and e.g. throw it at a Ne-21. [YES humans can not do that.]

High symmetric candidates

Now I stumbled over a very stable configuration: There are certain Alpha-Particle latices of the core that build very symmetric and stable cores. So Isotopes might try to reach these constellations.

We imagine that both Chromium (Cr, Z = 24) and Vanadium (V, Z = 23) might “want” to reach a highly symmetric 50-nucleon or 52-nucleon structure built from 12 α-particles (12×4 = 48 nucleons) arranged icosahedrally plus a central NP-pair (2 nucleons) = 50 total. In that framework, Cr-48 or Cr-49 are unlikely stable, so Cr-50 would be the first candidate; likewise V-48 or V-49 would tend toward V-50. Furthermore, if one placed an α-particle in the centre instead (adding 4 instead of 2), one obtains a 52-nucleon core, suggesting Cr-52 or V-52 might also show enhanced stability in this hypothesis. Looking at real nuclear data: Chromium has four stable isotopes (Cr-50, Cr-52, Cr-53, Cr-54) with Cr-52 by far the dominant one.  Vanadium, by contrast, has only one truly stable isotope, V-51, plus a very long‐lived V-50 (0.25% natural abundance).

Comment: This seams to mach. The V-51 coming with one more added Neutron (5 instead of 4) is not explained. Still leaving a single dangling Neutron?

This is exactly at the location in the periodic system, where they say:

There is a special electron-configuration anomaly in the periodic table around the transition metals, especially the pairs:

• V / Cr (Vanadium → Chromium)
• Nb / Mo (Niobium → Molybdenum) Whenever the d-subshell is close to d⁵ or d¹⁰, the element tends to rearrange its electrons to reach that “magic” configuration. Certain transition metals prefer to make their d-shell half-filled (d⁵) or fully filled (d¹⁰) because these states are energetically more stable. This causes deviations from the naïve Aufbau principle (“fill 4s before 3d, 5s before 4d, etc.”). The stabilizing mechanism is exchange energy and symmetry in the d-orbitals. Cr-48 core is said to become flat in “excited rotational states”

This described geometrical stacking shows up an additional main influence from the Core that …

H, D, He (Alpha)

Less Nuclei (<2xZ) constellations

Initially i was convinced, that a stable isotope must at least have a “Proton” available to store a positive charge. So the number of nuclei can not be smaller than the order number Z times 2 minus one (ONE neutron at most, but also unstable).

This is basically confirmed:

Only hydrogen-1 and helium-3 have $N/Z < 1$. All other stable nuclei have N $\ge$ Z. (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron%E2%80%93proton_ratio) Everything else with $N<Z$ is radioactive to some degree. 

WAIT How could the standard model explain this?

Mangan has Number 25 electrons/Protons. A Mn-48 could theoretically exist such that the one electron is kept inside the center with no need for a further NP-shell.

Result: So Mn-48 (milliseconds), Mn-49 (seconds) does exist, but it is highly unstable.

So what is said about missing Protons? Nothing, we have single P-P somewhere instead of NP. We can not distinguish Protons from Neutrons anyway.

But what does the Olavian Atom Model say about these: (see next paragraph)

H, D, He (Alpha)

The Berilium Tragedy

Be-8 instability

First we need to talk about WHY a Be-8 Atom is not stable. And this insight finally got me excited again.

Orbital-Shell: 4 electrons in the same orbital plane: 2 in 1s, 2 in 2s (all planar) Core: 2 Alpha-Particles or 4 Deuteron (or a mix). Issue:

4 Deuteron could go into one plane, but then the whole core has to rotate with the electrons to reach Quad-Entanglement. A No-Go, because they have different frequencies. 4 Deuteron could arrange centrally in two planes. Again the 1s and 2s electrons have different frequencies. So they will planar join into Alpha-Particles 2 Alpha-Particles this is the basic Olavian-Model setup (2 Alphas with 2 frequencies). This will most likely lead to some wobbling in the core so the two Alphas can not optimally hold together as they have only one single Quark-Plane to share and hold together. The purely co-planar rotating (oscillating) electrons do not help the core to stay together either. So the two Alphas will most likely fly apart (energy density). No mutual attraction, and even pushed away by electrons. This makes the Be/B Range of atoms quiet unstable with 2 bulky Alphas that don’t fit nicely into a sphere. They need some support either by anti-symmetry or further neutron-caps.

Results: (1) Be-8 decays into two Alpha-Particles that eventually find new electrons. In the meantime the two remaining Electron-Pairs are still entangled, but have a too high speed to be in stable orbitals so they will simply fly away. (Side-Remark: They should actually remain entangled and might eventually return to their original place to annihilate). (2) Be-9: Some more neutrons might help to keep the compound: One additional N can strip the two Alphas together in a more optimal angle (around 120°, or Icosahedronal 116.6°). Now the two Alphas can both arrange nicely into one planar rotation together with the electrons.

Prediction: Be-9 is the most-flat atom ever. Check: Hmm, atoms in standard model are always spheres as they rotate arbitrarily. Be-9 has not much asymmetry to offer for detecting that. But maybe the compressibility aspect could be of interest:

H, D, He (Alpha)

Unstable isotopes

This is a list of all isotopes that have less Neutrons than Positrons. Both Olavian and standard Model only foresee this for H and He.

How can the Olavian Atom model cope with this:

Be-7 (instead of 8)

$3 NP+1 P$: The typical Berilium is Be-9 as Be-8 is not stable, as noted before. Berilium is an orbitally planar Atom with all 4 electrons in the same axial plane. We have already seen above, this is not a stable situation for 2 sole Alpha-Particles in the core. If we remove a neutron we end up with 3 Deuteron (PN-Pairs) in a triangle and a single P in the middle. This gives 7 shells.

More precisely P is N plus e+, so N Half-Shell will snap into place with the 3 Deuteron and leave a encapsulated e+ in the middle of the construct.

B-8 (instead of 10) - isotope

$4 NP+1 P$: Bor was a strange candidate from the beginning on. Ah now i got it. The electron-shell is symmetric too. We can again place a single Proton in the middle of the surrounding 4 NP.

This is the perfect example for an electron -encapsulation. 4 surrounding NP-Pairs create a center place where the electron (e+) is held in place.

Expected decay: Be + e+ (core) + e- (orbital)

Now finally this is the story why there is no Be-8 Atom

The Olavian B-8 Isotope decay sequence:

H, D, He (Alpha)

C-11 (instead of 12)

$3\alpha + 1P$: Similar symmetrical case with the 3 Alpha balls. A single Proton (Singular-State, or Shell-State)

The electron shell is symmetrical. 1s, 2x2p co-planar.

O-15 (instead of 16)

$3\alpha + 1P$: Similar symmetrical case with the 3 Alpha balls. A single Proton (Singular-State, or Shell-State)

.TODO: Check electron constellations if they map the rotonal symmetry of core and orbitals

Yes, there are symmetrical electron constellations that would work.

IMPORTANT: Check if C-11 can have the same …

H, D, He (Alpha)

Fully Instable isotop lines

There are isotopes with a specific number of Protons and Protons+Neutrons which have no stable isotopes. The Olavian Atom model should give a explanation why this is the case.

Proton Number :There are exactly two proton numbers with zero stable isotopes:

Neutron Number :There are neutron numbers for which no stable nuclide exists, meaning:

Every nucleus that has this neutron count is radioactive. Here are the known horizontal gaps (N-values with zero stable isotopes):

N = 19, 21, 35, 39, 45, 61, 89, 115, 123, 127, 137, 139, 147, 153, 159, 161, 167, 169, 171, 185, 187, 193, 195, 197, 199, 207, 209, 219, 221, 223, 227, 229, 231, 233

These are absolute gaps — no (Z,N) combination with those N is stable.

Isotopes 19 and 21

The closest stable neibours are:

• Ne-20, Na-23, Mg-24, Si-30

The instable isotopes would be the following:

• S-35 (87 days), Cl-36 ($10^5$ years), Ar-37 (35 days), K-38
• Ne-29 (1.6s), Si-33 (6.5s), P-34 (12.4)
• In ms Range: Na-30, Mg-31, Al-32

Explanation

This is very good, and exactly matches our Olavion-Model intuition

Starting from the very stable Ne-20 atom with full p2-shells (and empty s2 shell according Olavian interpretation):

• Adding a single Neutron-Cap will not make the fully symmetric 5-Alpha Core better. It will fall out of it’s compact sphere.
• We need at least a full NP-Pair (Na-22) BUT this is so exposed, that we need a further N-Cap to hold it to the 5-Alpha cluster.
• So this gives either Na-22+1 (Na-23) or Mg-24 with two exposed NP-pairs.

Prediction:

• Adding two N-Caps to hold the extra single or double NP should be very stable isotope too

• Check: Na-24 (added a second cap)

• Result: YES, N-24 is semi-stable for up to 1 year.

• Check: Mg-25 and Mg-26 (both D near together with 1 or 2 sideways caps), Maybe half-stable: Mg-27, maybe Mg-28 (both D separately have 2 caps)

• Result: YES, Mg-25/26 are the stable derivatives. Another good Half-stable version is Mg-28.

• Missing explanation: Na-22 exists too with semi-stable state for over a year.

• Interpretation: This is a 5xAlpha plus a single D (NP-Pair). And yes we already said that adding a N-Cap would make it more stable. But hey more than a year, that’s not bad anyway.

Why does this matter

The standard model allows separate single Protons (with no added Neutron) in their cores. The Olavian Model does this only if the core remains symmetric with the electron orbital structure (e.g. H-1, Li)

Take-Away: All Li-3 s1 and s2 Orbitals have to be in the same plane/axis. This is already proposed by the Rotonal-Model. Otherwise the single Proton can not rotate together with the main Alpha-Particle.

So if there are Atoms with less Nucleon than 2 x N (Periodic number) then the symmetry most allow e+ to place themselves between the other Alpha-Particles.

Prediction Table <10

| Z | Element | Normal | Expected | Check | |—-|————|——————–|————————-|——————– –| | 1 | Hydrogen | ¹H, ²H (D) | H-1, H-2 (D). | YES | | 2 | Helium | ³He, ⁴He | He-3, He-4 | YES |
| 3 | Litium | Li-3, | Li-6, Li-7 | YES | | 4 | Beryllium | Be-9 | Be-8 (no) | NO, why | | 5. | Boron. | B-10 | B-11. | YES | | 6 | Carbon | ¹²C, | C-13, (C-14 no) | YES | | 7 | Nitrogen | ¹⁴N, | N-14, 15 (, 16) | YES | | 8 | Oxygen | ¹⁶O, | (17,18,19) | OOOO | | 9. | Fluorin | (F-18) | (18), 19 | OOOOC | | 10 | Neon | ²⁰Ne, | | | | 15 | Phosphorus | ³¹P | 32. | | | 16 | Sulfur | ³²S, | S-16 Not more | |

Periodic Table most common Isotopes